TECH

Photonics: the holy grail of datacenters

Engineers at the University of California, Berkeley have built a new photonic switch that can control the direction of light passing through optical fibers faster and more efficiently than ever. This optical "traffic cop" could revolutionize how information travels through data centers and high-performance supercomputers that are used for artificial intelligence and other data-intensive applications.
The photonic switch is built with more than 50,000 microscopic "light switches," each of which directs one of 240 tiny beams of light to either make a right turn when the switch is on, or straight through when the switch is off. The 240-by-240 array of switches is etched into a silicon wafer and covers an area only slightly larger than a postage stamp.
"For the first time in a silicon switch, we are approaching the large switches that people can only build using bulk optics," said Ming Wu, professor of electrical engineering and computer sciences at UC Berkeley and Senior author of the paper, which appears WHEN in the journal Optica. "Our switches are not only large, but they are 10,000 times faster, so we can switch data networks in interesting ways that not many people have thought about."
Currently, the only photonic switches that can control hundreds of light beams at once are built with mirrors or lenses that must be physically turned to switch the direction of light. Each turn takes about one-tenth of a second to complete, which is compared to electronic data transfer rates. The new photonic switch is built using tiny integrated silicon structures that can switch on and off in a fraction of a microsecond, approaching the speed necessary for use in high-speed data networks. Traffic cops on the highway
Data centers-where our photos, videos and documents stored in the cloud are stored-are composed of hundreds of thousands of servers that are constantly sending information back and forth. Electrical switches act as traffic cops, making sure that information is sent from one server.
But as data transfer rates continue to grow, we are reaching the limits of what electrical switches can handle, Wu said.
"Electrical switches generate so much heat, so even though we could cram more transistors onto a switch, the heat they generate is starting to pose certain limits," he said. "Industry expects to continue the trend for maybe two more generations and, after that, something more fundamental has to change. Some people are thinking optics can help." Server networks could instead be connected by optical fibers, with photonic switches acting as the traffic cops, Wu said. Photonic switches require very little power and do not generate any heat, so they do not face the same limitations as electrical switches. However, current photonic switches can not accommodate as many connections and are also plagued by signal loss-essentially "dimming" the light as it passes through the switch-which makes it hard to read the encoded data once again.
In the new photonic switch, beams of light travel through a crisscrossing array of nanometer-thin channels until they reach these individual light switches, each of which is built like a microscopic freeway overpass. When the switch is off, the light travels straight through the channel. Applying a voltage turns the switch on, lowering the ramp that directs the light into a higher channel, which turns it 90 degrees. Another ramp lowers the light back into the perpendicular channel. University of California - Berkeley